Being
suggested by orthography, many Polish laymen – and, unfortunately,
some linguistists too – think that the Polish language
phonological system includes some nasal vowels, namely ę
(nazal e),
ą
(not nasal a,
but nasal o,
written so for historical reasons) like those of French language. It was true maybe a century ago,
but it is no longer; so-called nasal vowels have clearly
nonsynchronous pronunciation, which means they are diphthongs (a
vowel + semivowel) or simply sets of a vowel and a consonant.
The
first segment is an oral or slightly nasalized (but this nasalization
is not phonemically relevant) /ɔ/
or /ɛ/
and the second one depends on phonetic context; we will describe
rules of this variation. What is interesting, those rules apply also
to other Polish vowels, so if we talk about diphtong /ɔɰ̃/
in są
(“(they)
are”),
there is also /iɰ̃/
in instytut
(“institute”).
Before
/p/ and /b/ the second segment is /m/: trąba
/trɔmba/.
Before
/t/, /d/, /t͡s/,
/d͡z/, /t͡ʂ/, /d͡ʐ/
consonants
it is /n/: wątroba
/wɔntroba/.
Before
/k/ and /g/ it is [ŋ]:
bąk
[bɔŋk].
Before
/f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /ʂ/,
/ʐ/, /x/ and at the end of a word it is [ɰ̃]:
są
/sɔɰ̃/.
Before
/ɕ/ and /ʑ/ it is [j̃] or [ɰ̃]:
gęś
[gɛj̃ɕ]
or [gɛɰ̃ɕ].
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